The most influential model of the spread of English is Braj Kachru's model of World Englishes. In this model the diffusion of English is captured in terms of three Concentric Circles of the language: The Inner Circle, the Outer Circle, and the Expanding Circle.

What is Kachru model of World Englishes?

Kachru constructed a model of the different uses of English around the world. This model is comprised of three concentric circles, which he labelled: the inner circle, the outer circle and the expanding circle.

What are Kachru's three circles of English?

This paper examines the pioneering model of World Englishes formulated by Kachru in the early 1980s that allocates the presence of English into three concentric circles: first of all, the inner circle (Great Britain, the USA) where the language functions as an L1 (or native language); secondly, the outer circle (India, ...

What is Kachru's concentric circle all about?

These circles signify “the type of spread, the pattern of acquisition, and the functional domains in which English languge is used across cultures and languages” (Kachru 1985:p12).

What are the three distinct categories of World Englishes?

World Englishes includes at least three types of varieties: (1) those that are used as the primary language of the majority population of a country, such as American and British; (2) varieties that are used as an additional language for intranational as well as international communication in communities that are ...

Kachru's Model of the World Englishes (Group 2)

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How does Braj Kachru categorize English speakers?

In his 1985 paper, Kachru classified Englishes using the now famous “three circles” model. These were concentric circles and he called them the inner, outer and expanding circles. The inner circle countries were those in which English was traditionally the first language of the majority of the speakers.

What are the three concentric circles as introduced by Braj Kachru?

This paper attempts to examine in a descriptive way the pioneering model of “World Englishes” proposed by Kachru in the mid-1980s that allocates the presence of English into three concentric circles: The Inner Circle, the Outer Circle, and the Expanding Circle.

What is expanding circle concentric?

The expanding circle is one of the three concentric circles of World English described by linguist Braj Kachru in "Standards, Codification and Sociolinguistic Realism: The English Language in the Outer Circle" (1985).

What is concentric circle of English?

The Three Concentric Circles Model represents the spread of the English language in terms of three concentric circles: the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle (Kachru, 1985). ... Countries in the Expanding Circle include China, Japan, South Korea, Israel and others.

What is the meaning of expanding circle?

The expanding circle includes countries where English is spoken but where it does not necessarily have a colonial history or primary/official language status. This includes nations such as China, Japan, South Korea, Egypt, Nepal, Indonesia, Israel, Korea, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, USSR, and Zimbabwe.

How many groups of Englishes are there according to kachru 1990 )?

According to Kachru's (1990) model, varieties of English can be visualized as comprising three concentric circles: the inner, outer, and expanding circles. Inner circle countries, such as the United States and United Kingdom, use English as a first (and usually only) language. ...

What are the limitations of Kachru's three circle model?

Limitations with Kachru's model

Grey area between Inner and Outer Circles as well as Outer and Expanding Circles. The world's bilingual or multilingual speakers are not taken into account. Difficulty of using the model to define speakers in terms of their proficiency in English.

What is inner circle according to kachru?

The Inner Circle is made up the traditional bases of English and its speakers are the ones in charge of providing the norms. These places are where the norms are created and from which they spread to the other circles. Some of the countries that conform the Inner Circle are USA, UK and Canada.

What is World Englishes Slideshare?

World English refers to the English language as a lingua franca used in business, trade, diplomacy and other spheres of global activity, while World Englishes refers to the different varieties of English and English-based creoles developed in different regions of the world, Smith and Forman (1997), and Thumboo (2001b).

What are the classification of World Englishes?

Perhaps the most common classification of Englishes, especially in the language teaching world, has been to distinguish between English as a native language (ENL), English as a second language (ESL) and English as a foreign language (EFL).

Who introduced three concentric circles?

This paper attempts to introduce and explain the famous Three Concentric Circles proposed by Kachru, namely, the Inner Circle, the Outer Circle and the Expanding Circle.

What are outer circle countries?

Countries in the outer circle include India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, and more than 50 other nations.

What is the importance of World Englishes?

With 2 billion speakers worldwide, English is the largest language by the number of speakers. It is also the third largest language by the number of native speakers. As the most common language, English has the power of connecting people from many different cultures, building relationships and understanding.

What are the benefits of World Englishes?

One of the advantages is that English language is utilized as a tool of communication, empowerment and unification of people in the global community. In other words, English plays a very important role to unite all the people around the globe regardless their nationalities, cultural backgrounds, or races.

What is the origin of World Englishes?

The term “World Englishes” was originally associated with the Indian-American scholar Braj Kachru and his school (see section 4) but appears to have been established as the most widely used, referentially neutral term for varieties of English in a global context (including varieties of British and American English), ...

What is inner circle in science and technology?

noun. a clique or a group of people or who share a common interest, aim or purpose. the inner circle of scientists who produced the atomic bomb.

What are the advantages of Kachru's model?

One of the positive effects is the recognition of the varieties of English within the outer circle as legitimate and valid linguistic systems: “Kachru's model makes a case for seeing them as legitimate varieties … which are both linguistically stable and firmly embedded in the culture of the communities that use them” ...

What is the difference between World Englishes and standard English?

World English vs.

World English refers to the English language as a lingua franca used in business, trade, diplomacy and other spheres of global activity, while World Englishes refers to the different varieties of English and English-based creoles developed in different regions of the world.

Why is it important to understand the varieties of English?

Through studying Varieties, linguists are able to notice and predict future language change. ... To help make this clear, websites such as the BBC voices project work with individuals to allow linguists to gain knowledge, and therefore understanding, of general perceptions.

What did McCrum 1986 mean about we should not talk of English but of many Englishes?

Answer: Expert Verified. McCrum says that "we should not talk of English but of many Englishes" because the English language usage spans across multiple nations. ... Thus, when you plan on migrating to a country, you ought to learn what specific kind of English language they speak.